Author Archives: Patrick Mallon

About Patrick Mallon

Patrick Mallon (BA, PgDl) is a Grade A personal injury solicitor and head of our EL/PL department, which handles accidents at work and public liability claims, such as slips, trips and falls. He qualified in 2005 and has over 20 years of experience. Patrick is an expert No Win No Fee lawyer and well-known for his successful case, Billie Mae Smith v McDonalds. You can learn all about Patrick, his qualifications and his experience as a solicitor here. Get in touch today for free to see how Patrick and the team can help you.

About Us

Here at Legal Expert, we pride ourselves on providing the very best legal service possible, from start to finish.

We operate in a broad range of practice areas, such as personal injury, medical negligence, data breach and criminal injuries. Our teams are made up of some of the brightest and best solicitors in the country. Our clinical negligence department, for example, is home to solicitors who’ve settled claims for millions of pounds.

We’ve been in the business a long time, enough for us to know how stressful suffering an injury or illness can be. And we know the impact accidents and injuries can have on the rest of your life, such as your ability to work and pay bills.

We therefore aim to shift the stress from your shoulders and onto ours. From day one we’ll get to work and start righting the wrongs you’ve been subjected to. We make it our mission to make sure you get a successful outcome.

About Legal Expert

Legal Expert is a trading name of JF Law Limited, a law firm authorised and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) under the number 619586.

Our practice has grown dramatically over the years thanks to the hard work of our staff and colleagues and the quality results that we’ve achieved for our clients.

Our independent reviews pay testament to this experience. So if you’d like to work with specialist No Win No Fee solicitors, then get in touch.

To learn more about our team and how we can help you, head here.

Below, you can learn more about our service.

Our Service

The cornerstone of our service is No Win No Fee. This is a phrase you may have heard before. It simply means that if your claim doesn’t end successfully, you won’t be obliged to pay our fees.

No Win No Fee also means nothing to pay upfront and no fees to pay as the claim advances.

Only if your claim is successful do you have to pay a fee. And this doesn’t come directly out of your pocket but rather from the compensation you’re awarded. It comes in the form of a small, legally capped percentage.

The reason why we offer a No Win No Fee service is to ensure that everyone has equal access to the compensation and justice they deserve.

We’re Here To Help

If you’d like to discuss making a claim for an injury or illness, get in touch.

We offer everyone who calls a free case check that carries no obligation to proceed with a claim. You can simply discuss what happened, get information on your legal rights and learn details of any compensation awards you could be entitled to.

You can get in touch with us today using the number at the top of this page or by speaking with us now via our live chat service.

Can I Claim For Misdiagnosed Testicular Cancer?

You could claim for harm caused by testicular cancer misdiagnosis if you can show that the failure of a doctor or other medical professional caused it. It is important that cancer patients are diagnosed and begin treatment as early as possible. Delays in getting diagnosed can lead to delays in treatment, the need for more invasive medical procedures, worsened prognosis and in extreme instances, may be fatal.

In this medical negligence claims guide, we examine and explain:

  • When you could be eligible to make a cancer misdiagnosis claim.
  • How compensation may be calculated.
  • The symptoms of testicular cancer and the potential causes of misdiagnosis
  • How could misdiagnosis impact you, and how can you claim compensation?

Our solicitors have helped people to make successful testicular cancer claims. Find out how we could help you by contacting us or by reading our guide below.

  • Phone our team on 0800 073 8804
  • Tell an advisor what happened using our online chat.
  • Start a claim online by making an inquiry here.

A patient presents with testicular cancer symptoms.

Frequently Asked Questions

Am I Able To Make A Testicular Cancer Misdiagnosis Claim?

You could be eligible to make a testicular misdiagnosis claim if you can show that a medical professional has breached their duty of care to you, causing harm. To make a successful medical negligence claim, you need to be able to clearly show that the actions of a medical professional and/or healthcare provider fell below accepted professional standards.

The criteria your testicular cancer misdiagnosis claim must meet:

  1. You were owed a duty of care. Whilst under the care of a GP, oncologist, or other medical professional, they have a duty of care to provide you with care that meets expected and professional standards. This includes providing an accurate diagnosis.
  2. This duty was breached. A healthcare provider failed to meet standards (such as those set by professional bodies). For instance, an oncologist may misinterpret test results and fail to order further tests.
  3. This led to the delayed diagnosis of your disease, allowing it to spread and require more invasive treatment.

Can I Claim Against The NHS?

You could be able to claim against the NHS if you can show that a medical professional breached their duty of care to you and that this led to a testicular cancer misdiagnosis. Your claim may be made against the NHS trust responsible for providing your care.

Whether your testicular cancer misdiagnosis claim is made against the NHS or a private healthcare provider, the process of doing so will be the same.

Can Claims Be Made On Behalf Of Loved Ones?

You could make a testicular cancer claim on behalf of a loved one if they have been impacted by negligent treatment and they are unable to do so themselves.

Those you may claim on behalf of include:

  • Individuals under the age of 18.
  • Individuals lacking the mental capacity to claim themselves.
  • Those who passed away due to testicular cancer misdiagnosis.

To act on their behalf, you must apply to the court to be appointed as their litigation friend. Talk to one of our medical negligence solicitors about the case.

How Much Testicular Cancer Misdiagnosis Compensation Could I Get?

How much testicular cancer misdiagnosis compensation you could get will be based on your individual circumstances, but may be in excess of £187,790 for the complete loss of your reproductive organs. This figure comes from the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG). The JCG contains guideline amounts of compensation which may be awarded.

General damages, those compensating for pain and suffering, may be calculated using the JCG. The severity of harm suffered may determine how much compensation is awarded. Below, we present figures from the JCG relevant to this type of claim. The top figure is not from the JCG.

HarmSeverityDamages
Multiple forms of harm (male reproductive system) + special damages.Severe.Up to £1,000,000+ inc special damages for loss of earnings, etc.
Male reproductive systemTotal loss of (male) reproductive organs (A).More than £187,790
Impotence and sterility (total) + loss of sexual function (B).£140,220 to £181,020
Impotence & sexual dysfunction (significant) (C).£52,490 to £108,310
Sterility, no impotence - no aggravating features. (D).£68,430 to £87,080
Sterility, no impotence - claimant has children (E).£21,920 to £44,840
Orchidectomy + some psychological damage (F).£24,490 to £27,560
Sterility - older claimant (G).£8,070 to £22,800
Lung diseaseClaimant is young with serious disabilities (A).£122,850 to £165,860
Lung diseaseClaimant is older and has severely impaired lung function.£85,460 to £118,790

We also have a medical negligence claims calculator in which you can learn more about how much you could claim.

Calculating My Testicular Cancer Misdiagnosis Compensation

When calculating compensation for harm caused by testicular cancer misdiagnosis, general damages (outlined above) and special damages (outlined in more detail below) may both be taken into consideration.

The JGC provides guidelines on ranges of compensation for different forms of harm based on how severe the harm was. Those claimants who are younger, who experienced more severe forms of harm, or who faced the loss of fertility may receive a higher amount of compensation.

If you choose to make a testicular cancer misdiagnosis claim with one of our solicitors, they could review your medical records and help to value your claim.

What Can Special Damages Help Me With?

Special damages could help you with a variety of financial losses caused by your testicular cancer misdiagnosis. Special damages could cover losses such as lost income due either to time off work or reduced earning capacity, the cost of medical care (such as testosterone replacement therapy) or the cost of travelling to medical appointments.

You will need to document these losses to provide evidence of them. You may submit evidence such as payslips, invoices and receipts.

Can I Apply For Interim Payments?

In certain circumstances, you may be able to apply for an interim payment to help you meet immediate expenses whilst your claim is ongoing. Interim payments could help you to meet immediate and/ or ongoing costs, such as medical bills, or to help if your income has been affected.

Interim payments are those which are made in advance which will be later be deducted from your final settlement.

To find out more about how much compensation you may be owed, how compensation could be calculated and whether you could seek an interim payment, please contact our team.

A patient undergoes a scan.

What Are The Most Common Testicular Cancer Symptoms?

The most common symptoms of testicular cancer include a lump on one of the testicles. If this is missed, it may lead to a patient being misdiagnosed. It is important that medical professionals recognise common symptoms such as:

  • Swelling or a lump in the affected testicle.
  • Changes to the size, shape or texture of a testicle. These may indicate germ cell tumours.
  • The scrotum feels firm, hard or otherwise heavy.
  • Pain or discomfort in the scrotum or testicle(s).
  • Fluid collecting in the scrotum.

Further symptoms if the cancer spreads beyond the male reproductive system:

  • You may experience fatigue and weight loss if the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes.
  • Gynecomastia may indicate the presence of leydig cell tumours. See this NHS services resource.
  • A persistent cough, indicating the cancer has spread to the lungs.

Though anyone with testicles is at risk of developing the disease, men aged 15-49 face an increased risk. NHS cancer registration statistics show that there were 1,930 new diagnoses in England in 2021. Cancer Research UK notes that there are around 2,400 new cases in the UK each year with germ cell testicular cancer being the most common type.

If a medical professional failed to follow up on these symptoms and the patient later had testicular cancer diagnosed, there may be grounds on which to make a claim.

What Can Cause A Misdiagnosis Of Testicular Cancer?

Testicular cancer misdiagnosis could be caused by a healthcare professional mistaking your symptoms for those of another condition, or their failure to conduct further testing. Such errors could cause you harm and form the basis of a compensation claim.

Misdiagnosis may arise where symptoms are confused with those of other conditions affecting the male reproductive system. This may include:

  • Not carrying out a thorough physical examination could mean a doctor does not detect a lump, missing the signs of a germ cell tumour.
  • Not referring a patient for further testing, such as blood tests or an ultrasound, despite the presence of symptoms, such as a swollen scrotum, causing the delayed diagnosis of their cancer.
  • Misinterpreting test results, such as the results of an ultrasound or biopsy, and diagnosing that a patient is cancer-free when they are not.
  • Incorrectly diagnosing symptoms as testicular torsion, mumps or epididymitis, which may share symptoms such as pain in the scrotum.

Please note that not all instances of misdiagnosis may be considered negligent. Your doctor or other healthcare provider may have adhered to professional standards, though still misdiagnosed your condition. Contact us to learn more about medical negligence claims.

A medical professionals examines a patients blood work.

The Impacts Of Misdiagnosed Testicular Cancer

The impact of testicular cancer misdiagnosis may include delayed diagnosis, the need for more aggressive treatment and greater risk of the cancer spreading as well as potentially significant psychological harm and financial losses.

Figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) show that with early diagnosis, the 5 year survival rate is 95.3%.

The impact of cancer not being diagnosed could include:

  • Cancer spreads to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or lymph nodes.
  • More aggressive and/or invasive treatment. This may include the need for radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery.
  • Fertility issues.
  • Psychological harm, such as anxiety, caused by a worse prognosis.
  • Financial losses, such as lost income caused by taking time off during treatment or recovery or for the cost of ongoing medical treatment.

Starting A Testicular Cancer Misdiagnosis Claim

Starting a testicular cancer misdiagnosis claim involves collecting evidence and ensuring your case is filed correctly and within the applicable time limit.

Key evidence you could collect includes:

  • Copies of your medical records and medical history. These will show your initial symptoms and diagnosis as well as subsequent correct diagnosis and treatment.
  • Test results, such as the results of blood tests, ultrasounds and biopsies. The absence of such tests or abnormal test results which were overlooked may help prove a medical professional was negligent.
  • Witness statements highlighting how you have been impacted by negligent treatment.

In most instances, the time limit for suing either the NHS or a private hospital is 3 years from the date of the breach or from when you became aware of it. This is found in the Limitation Act 1980.

If you are acting as a litigation friend for someone else, you may claim at any point before a minor turns 18, subsequently they have 3 years to claim. If claiming for someone who lacks the mental capacity to do so at any point. The time limit would be applied to their case if they regain their ability to make a claim.

Learn more about the testicular cancer claim process by contacting our team.

Get Help From Legal Expert

By getting help from Legal Expert you could work with one of our dedicated, specialist medical negligence solicitors. Our team has decades of experience and have helped to secure over £80 million in compensation for claimants across the country.

We specialise in helping people to claim compensation, offering support and advice at every stage of the claims process.

Our service includes,

  • Working through No Win No Fee/ Conditional Fee Agreements (CFA), meaning you only pay for your solicitors work if your case is successful. The fee you do pay is capped by law.
  • Access to specialist help and assistance such as independent medical assessments and rehabilitation services.
  • Help collecting evidence to support your claim.
  • Clear explanations of the claims process, as well as of medical and legal terms.
  • Negotiating the settlement for your medical misdiagnosis.

Our team works across the country and could help you regardless of location.

Contact Us

To contact us about your testicular cancer negligence claim and find out if you could take advantage of our No Win No Fee services,

A solicitor helps a patient make a testicular cancer misdiagnosis claim.

Learn More

In this final part of our guide, we have included additional helpful guides from our site, as well as supporting reference materials.

Reference material:

Thank you for reading our guide on testicular cancer misdiagnosis claims. For more information or further help with your claim, contact our expert team.

Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis – How Much Compensation Can I Claim?

In this guide, we will discuss when you could make a medical negligence claim for oesophageal cancer misdiagnosis. All medical professionals owe their patients a duty of care. This means that they must provide care that meets the correct standard. As we move through this guide, we will explain the eligibility criteria that must be met to bring forward a medical negligence claim and the time limits applicable to your case. 

Furthermore, we will examine what oesophageal cancer is and how a misdiagnosis resulting from a medical professional breaching their duty of care could lead to various types of avoidable harm.

Additionally, this guide will look at how compensation could be calculated for a medical negligence claim. It will also discuss the benefits of using the services of a No Win No Fee solicitor.

You can also get in touch with one of our advisors to discuss making a claim for the misdiagnosis of cancer. They offer confidential legal advice 24/7. Additionally, they can provide a free evaluation of your case and offer insight into your eligibility to make a compensation claim.

To reach them, you can:

  • Call on 0800 073 8804
  • Complete our online form to contact us
  • Use our live chat feature to receive advice and support

Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis

Browse Our Guide

  1. When Could You Claim For Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis?
  2. Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis Examples
  3. Proving Causation In Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis Claims
  4. Estimating Medical Misdiagnosis Payouts
  5. How Our Specialist Claims Solicitors Could Help With Your Claim
  6. Related Medical Misdiagnosis Articles

When Could You Claim For Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis?

An oesophageal cancer misdiagnosis could happen for various reasons. However, not all instances of a misdiagnosis will form the basis of a valid claim. The criteria of eligibility that must be met to make a medical negligence claim is as follows:

  • A medical professional owed you a duty of care.
  • They breached this duty.
  • This breach caused you avoidable harm; this could be psychological and/or physical. These three criteria form the basis of medical negligence.

Medical negligence needs to have occurred for you to be eligible to make a compensation claim. Therefore, if you did receive care below the correct standard but did not suffer any avoidable harm, you would be unable to claim. 

Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis Claim Time Limits

The Limitation Act 1980 states that generally, you will have three years to begin a compensation claim from the date that the medical negligence occurred or the date of knowledge; this can be when you learned of negligence in connection to the harm you suffered. 

There are exceptions to these time limits, for example, in cases where the person was under the age of 18 when the medical negligence occurred, or the person lacks the mental capacity to bring forward an oesophageal cancer misdiagnosis claim themselves.

In both scenarios, the time limit is paused during which time a litigation friend could be appointed by the courts to pursue the claim on the person’s behalf. 

If no claim is made on behalf of the person under 18, the three-year time limit would begin from the date of their eighteenth birthday. If no claim is made on behalf of the person who lacks the mental capacity to claim, the three-year time limit would begin if a recovery is made.

Please contact our team to learn more about the time limits applicable to your case. 

Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis Examples

Oesophageal cancer is found anywhere in the oesophagus, sometimes referred to as the ‘food pipe’ or gullet, connecting the stomach to the mouth. The seriousness of oesophageal cancer can depend on its location, size, and whether it has spread. 

It is important to receive a cancer diagnosis as soon as possible because, over time, the disease can spread to other parts of the body. This is called metastasis. Cancer Research UK explains that advanced oesophageal cancer can spread to the liver, lungs, and lymph nodes. In some cases, it could also spread to the brain.

If a medical professional misdiagnoses you, this may lead to a delay in receiving the treatment you require. This could lead to you suffering harm, such as a worsened condition or an affected prognosis.

Examples of a how a misdiagnosis could occur include:

  • A doctor fails to send you for further tests despite your symptoms making it necessary to do so meaning you are incorrectly diagnosed and given the wrong treatment.
  • A hospital sends you the wrong test results meaning you receive the incorrect diagnosis.

Please speak with our team to discuss the possibility of starting a medical negligence claim for your oesophageal cancer misdiagnosis. 

Proving Causation In Oesophageal Cancer Misdiagnosis Claims

Evidence can support a medical negligence claim and help to prove liability. Therefore, we have provided some examples of evidence you could gather to support your claim: 

  • Medical reports
  • Copies of any scans or test results
  • Prescriptions 
  • Treatment plans 
  • Witness contact details

Additionally, the Bolam test could be used to assess whether a medical professional provided the correct standard of care. This is where other relevantly trained medical professionals will assess the level of care you received. The findings from this test could be used to strengthen your claim.

Contact our team of advisors to learn more about the evidence you could use to support your medical negligence claim for oesophageal cancer misdiagnosis.

Estimating Medical Misdiagnosis Payouts

There are up to two heads of a successful medical negligence claim. The first is general damages, which compensates for the medical negligence. The second is special damages, which we will discuss in more detail in the next section. 

In the table below, we have provided guideline compensation brackets for different types of harm. To do this, we used the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG). Medical negligence solicitors and other legal professionals can use the JCG to help them value the general damages head of claim.

Please remember that this table is a guide. The figures are not guaranteed amounts, as each case is valued in line with its unique details.

Edit
Harm Severity Notes Compensation Guidelines
Brain Damage Very Severe (a) The person will display little to no language function or meaningful response to their environment. They will require full time care. £282,010 to £403,990
Brain Damage Moderately Severe (b) The person will have very serious disabilities, causing them to have a significant dependence on others and a requirement for care that is constant. £219,070 to £282,010
Brain Damage Moderate (c)(i) There will be a moderate to severe intellectual deficit, an effect on the person’s senses, a personality change and no employment prospects. £150,110 to £219,070
Lung Disease (a) A seriously disabled young person where there is a possibility that the condition will worsen and lead to premature death. £100,670 to £135,920
Lung Disease (b) Typically cases of an older person with lung cancer leading to pain that is severe and impairment of function and the person’s quality of life. £70,030 to £97,330

Types Of Special Damages You May Be Awarded

The second head of claim, special damages, can compensate for the financial losses you have suffered due to medical negligence. This could include loss of earnings and the cost of using public transport to travel to medical appointments. Additionally, expenses incurred could include necessary home adaptations to improve your ability to move around. 

Furthermore, acquiring evidence of these losses could be useful in supporting your claim. This could include invoices, travel tickets or payslips.

To learn more about the different types of compensation that you could be eligible to receive, please contact one of our advisors. You could also enter the details of your case into our compensation calculator to receive an estimate of the settlement you could be awarded.

How Our Specialist Claims Solicitors Could Help With Your Claim

When starting a claim, it is important to seek legal advice. Our team of advisors can carry out an assessment of your claim for free, and should they find you may be eligible, they could place you in correspondence with one of our specialist medical negligence solicitors. What’s more, our solicitors could propose working on your claim under a No Win No Fee arrangement, called a Conditional Fee Agreement (CFA)

This would generally mean that your solicitor will not charge you for their services upfront, whilst your case is ongoing or if your claim is unsuccessful. However, if you make a successful claim, your solicitor can take a small success fee from the compensation. This will be discussed before you enter the arrangement, and the percentage they can take is legally capped by The Conditional Fee Agreements Order 2013.

Please contact a member of our team if you would like to learn more about the benefits of using a No Win No Fee solicitor. Our advisors can also provide free legal advice concerning your oesophageal cancer misdiagnosis claim at any time. 

To reach an advisor, please: 

  • Call on 0800 073 8804
  • Claim online by entering your details into our form
  • Talk to an advisor through our live support feature

Related Medical Misdiagnosis Articles

To learn more about making a compensation claim following a medical misdiagnosis, please visit more guides from our site below: 

Please check the external links listed: 

If you would like to make an enquiry about making a medical negligence claim following an oesophageal cancer misdiagnosis, please contact our team using the details provided in the guide.

Written by Marsey

Edited by Oxland/ Mitchell

Could You Claim For Head And Neck Cancer Misdiagnosis?

Last Updated On 6th February 2025. This article will explore when you could be eligible to claim compensation following a head and neck cancer misdiagnosis by a medical professional. We will discuss the definition of medical negligence and the types of avoidable harm that you could suffer. Additionally, we will discuss how compensation payouts could be calculated and provide information on how working with a medical negligence solicitor could prove beneficial.

gavel on medical clipboard

Every medical professional owes their patients a duty of care. This means they must provide care of a correct standard. Should they fail to do this, it could lead to a misdiagnosis and cause avoidable harm, such as a worsening of your condition. This is medical negligence.

To learn more about making a cancer misdiagnosis claim, contact our team of advisers at a time convenient for you. They are available 24/7, and the consultation is free. Therefore, you can enquire about pursuing compensation for the avoidable harm you suffered after the misdiagnosis of cancer.

Find out more by:

Browse Our Guide

  1. Could You Claim For Head And Neck Cancer Misdiagnosis?
  2. Types Of Head And Neck Cancer
  3. Why Could Head And Neck Cancers Be Misdiagnosed?
  4. Estimated Payouts For Head And Neck Cancer Misdiagnosis
  5. Why Choose Our Solicitors To Claim For Head And Neck Cancer Misdiagnosis?
  6. Find Out More About Claiming For Neck And Head Cancer Misdiagnosis

When Could You Claim For Head And Neck Cancer Misdiagnosis?

According to the NHS, the term head and neck cancer covers more than 30 different areas where cancer can form. Each year, approximately 12,400 new cases are diagnosed in the UK.

You may be eligible to claim for a head and neck cancer misdiagnosis if you have suffered avoidable harm due to a medical professional breaching their duty of care. This avoidable harm could be physical or psychological.

If the care you received was inadequate and led to an incident in which you were harmed unnecessarily, you can begin to collect documentation to help prove medical negligence occurred. For instance, you could gather:

  • A copy of your medical records
  • Any prescriptions
  • A journal recording the symptoms you experience
  • Notes that could include information such as the names of doctors who treated you, locations where the treatment occurred, and the dates of your appointments

Evidence will help to prove medical negligence in a compensation case. It is important to state that medical negligence solicitors, along with providing other services, can help you to obtain and compile evidence. Speak to our team if you’d like to learn more.

Time Limits For Cancer Misdiagnosis Claims

According to the Limitation Act 1980, you must begin a medical negligence claim within:

  • 3 years of the date that the medical negligence occurred.
  • 3 years of the date of knowledge, which is when you learned of medical negligence

There are some exceptions to these time limits, such as when it involves a person under the age of 18 or one who lacks the mental capacity to claim. Speak to our advisers for more information about these exceptions in relation to your claim.

Types Of Head And Neck Cancer

Various types of cancer are covered by the umbrella term head and neck cancer. These can include:

  • Laryngeal cancer – which affects the larynx.
  • Mouth cancer – which is the most common type of head and neck cancer.
  • Nasal and sinus cancer – which affects the nasal passages and sinuses, and can affect your sense of smell.

A head and neck cancer misdiagnosis could mean that cancers affecting your tongue, mouth, nose and throat go undiagnosed. If this occurs, cancer could have time to metastasize and spread to other organs. For example, Cancer Research UK explains that nasal cavity cancer can spread to the lungs, brain, bones or liver.

Read on to learn more about how head and neck cancer could be misdiagnosed due to a medical professional breaching their duty of care. Alternatively, contact our team if you have questions about cancer misdiagnosis claims.

Why Could Head And Neck Cancers Be Misdiagnosed?

It’s important to recognise that not every misdiagnosis will lead to a medical negligence claim. A medical professional could provide you with the correct standard of care, but a misdiagnosis still occurs due to factors outside of their control.

Below we will provide examples of how a medical professional could breach their duty of care, leading to a misdiagnosis:

  • A GP does not listen to you when you clearly describe your symptoms and diagnoses you with a different condition without carrying out any tests.
  • Your test results are mixed up with those of another patient. This means you receive a diagnosis intended for a different patient.

A misdiagnosis could lead to various harm. For example, if you are prescribed the wrong medication, you may suffer damaging side effects that you would not have experienced otherwise. You can contact our advisers for a free consultation if you’d like insight into your eligibility to pursue medical negligence compensation.

Estimated Payouts For Head And Neck Cancer Misdiagnosis

If you have suffered from a head and neck cancer misdiagnosis, you may be asking, ‘How much compensation may I be entitled to?’

Unfortunately, we cannot give you a specific figure at this time as many factors are considered when your compensation is being calculated. However, this section will explain what you may be eligible to claim compensation for and how your award is calculated.

Compensation for head and neck cancer misdiagnosis is generally split into two heads of claim, namely general damages and special damages.

The first head of claim, general damages, compensates you for the physical and mental suffering you have experienced as a result of the misdiagnosis. This award is typically calculated by a team of professionals who may refer to medical documents such as an independent medical assessor’s report.

They may also refer to guidelines presented by the Judicial College (JCG). The JCG is a document that presents guidelines for compensation awards. It lists injuries alongside their suggestive compensation brackets.

The table below provide examples from the JCG of potential awards, except from the top bracket. However, please note that this does not represent accurate figures as compensation varies in each medical negligence case.

Type of HarmGuideline BracketsFurther Details
Multiple Severe Injuries and Significant Financial LossesUp to £1,000,000 plusPerson has suffered from multiple injuries of a severe nature and incurred significant financial losses
Very Severe Brain Damage (a)£344,150 to £493,000 Within this bracket, the person will display a small amount of, if any, evidence of a meaningful reaction to their environment and will require nursing care full time.
Moderate Brain Damage (c)(i)£183,190 to £267,340The person will experience a personality change, an effect on their senses, and a moderate to severe intellectual deficit alongside further problems.
Lung Disease (a)£122,850 to £165,860There will be serious disability in a young person along with a probability that their condition will worsen progressively and lead to premature death.
Lung Disease (b) £85,460 to £118,790The person will typically be older and have lung cancer. This will cause them severe pain and impairment of their quality of life and function.
Loss of Sight in One Eye with Reduced Vision in the Remaining Eye (ii)£78,040 to £129,330 Complete loss of vision in one eye and reduced vision or additional problems such as double vision in the other eye.
Very Severe Facial Scarring (a)£36,340 to £118,790There will be a very disfiguring cosmetic effect and severe psychological reaction in a relatively young person.
Total Loss of Hearing in One Ear £38,210 to £55,570 Cases at the higher end of the bracket will include associated problems such as tinnitus, dizziness and headaches
Total Loss of Smell and Significant Loss of Taste£40,150 to £47,810Complete loss of smell and some impairment of taste.

Special Damages

The second head of claim, special damages, compensates you for any financial losses you incurred as a result of your cancer misdiagnosis. However, you may only be eligible to claim special damages if you have suffered from a physical or psychological injury.

Some examples of what you may claim special damages for include:

  • Loss of income
  • Loss of holiday entitlement, pension attributions and bonuses
  • Payments towards healthcare, childcare and travel
  • Payments towards special equipment and home adjustments

When claiming special damages, you must provide evidence of the losses you have incurred, for example:

  • Payslips
  • Bank notes and credit card statements
  • Bills and receipts

If you are struggling to obtain evidence, our experienced solicitors may be able to help you out.

Contact our friendly advisors to start your claim for head and neck cancer misdiagnosis today.

Why Choose Our Solicitors To Claim For Head And Neck Cancer Misdiagnosis?

You are not obligated to use the services of a legal professional to make a claim. However, a solicitor could guide you through the medical negligence claims process using their knowledge and experience. Also, they can help you to compile your case’s different elements and put forward a complete claim.

Furthermore, if you allow our advisers to assess your claim, they could find you may be eligible to pursue compensation. In this case, they could place you in contact with one of our medical negligence solicitors, who may offer you to enter into a Conditional Fee Agreement (CFA), which is one of the different kinds of No Win No Fee agreements. After agreeing to enter into a CFA, you typically don’t have to pay for your solicitor’s services upfront, for the duration of an ongoing claim or if your claim fails.

Your No Win No Fee solicitor can take a success fee from the compensation at the end of the process if your claim succeeds. This fee is a small legally capped percentage, ensuring that you always receive the majority of your compensation.

If you’d like to know more about using a No Win No Fee solicitor when bringing forward a medical negligence claim, you can contact our advisers at any convenient time. The team is available 24/7.

You can get in touch by:

Find Out More About Claiming For Neck And Head Cancer Misdiagnosis

Further guides from our website:

Clinical And Medical Negligence Claims

Finding The Best Medical Negligence Solicitors Near Me

How The Bolam Test Case Affects Medical Negligence Claims

External resources for more information:

NHS Constitution for England – UK government information about the rights owed to patients, staff and members of the public.

Good Medical Practice – Information from the General Medical Council (GMC) with ethical guidance for doctors.

Staging And Grading Head And Neck Cancer – Resource from Macmillan Cancer Support regarding head and neck cancer.

Learn more about care home claims if you or a loved one were harmed by care home negligence.

Thank you for reading this article about making a medical negligence claim following a head and neck cancer misdiagnosis. If you would like to know more, you can reach us using the details above.

Cleaner Injury Claims – How To Get Compensation If Injured At Work

Last Updated 2nd June 2025. In this guide, we will explain how you may be able to claim compensation if you are a cleaner who was injured at work. Workplace injuries can vary in severity but could have a serious effect on your life if they are more severe. Your employer has a responsibility to ensure that you are safe in the workplace. In instances where they fail to uphold this responsibility, causing you harm as a result, you may be eligible to make a personal injury claim for injuries sustained at work.

We will explore this responsibility in more detail throughout our guide, as well as look at the steps your employer should take to prevent cleaning accidents from happening.

Following this, we will discuss the accident at work compensation you could receive following a successful claim, and how solicitors reach settlement amounts. We will also look at the benefits of working with a solicitor from our panel and how they can help you through the process of seeking personal injury compensation.

If you would like to learn more about the claims process, or you have any other questions, we recommend that you contact our team. Our advisors can offer you a free evaluation of your claim, and can also give you free legal advice. To get in touch:

A cleaner mopping the floor of a building

Jump To A Section

  1. Can I Claim As A Cleaner Who Was Injured At Work?
  2. Types Of Cleaning Accidents
  3. Providing Evidence To Support Your Claim
  4. What Could A Cleaner Injured At Work Claim?
  5. How Long Will the Claim Process Take?
  6. How To Make A No Win No Fee Claim As A Cleaner Injured At Work
  7. Learn More About Accident At Work Claims

Can I Claim As A Cleaner Who Was Injured At Work?

As an employee, your employer owes you a duty of care. This is set out by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. Under this legislation, your employer must take all reasonably practicable steps to keep you safe when you are working and prevent you from sustaining harm in the workplace. This applies if you are an ‘in-house’ cleaner, as well as if you work for an agency or contractor.

However, if your employer fails to uphold this duty, and this results in you suffering an injury in the workplace, this is known as negligence. In order to make an accident at work claim, you need to prove that negligence occurred.

Workplace Accident Claim Time Limits

Another important factor of eligibility is starting your claim within the relevant time limits. According to the Limitation Act 1980, you will generally have three years to begin a claim for a workplace injury. This begins on the date you are injured, or the date you make a connection between your injuries and negligence.

Our advisors can give you more information on your eligibility to claim, and can talk you through the exceptions to the accident at work claim time limit. Get in touch today to learn more.

Types Of Cleaning Accidents

Working as a cleaner can come with risks. For example, handling dangerous chemicals, carrying or moving heavy objects, and the risk of slips and falls can all result in workplace injuries.

Handling Hazardous Chemicals

Cleaners are often required to handle hazardous chemicals as a part of their job by working with industrial-strength cleaning supplies. Hazardous chemicals can cause chemical burns and scarring, and inhalation of toxic fumes can lead to lung damage and eye injuries.

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) sets out an employer’s responsibility to control substances that are hazardous to health in the workplace.

There are several ways they can prevent or reduce the exposure to these substances, such as identifying the hazards and assessing the harm they pose and steps that they can take to prevent the harm they could cause to health. A failure to do so could lead to a cleaner being injured at work.

Manual Handling Accidents

The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 dictate that your employer must carry out risk assessments for manual handling tasks when appropriate in order to fulfil their duty of care.

A failure to do so can result in manual handling accidents leading to back injuries, knee injuries, and musculoskeletal disorders.

Cuts And Lacerations

Cuts and lacerations can occur as a result of slips and trips in the workplace, as well as faulty machinery or equipment. For example, if your employer asks you to use a faulty floor care machine or trolley, this could lead to an accident that results in cuts and lacerations.

If you are a cleaner who has been injured at work, get in touch with our team today. Our advisors can answer any questions you may have about the claims process, and can offer free legal advice.

Providing Evidence To Support Your Claim

One way that you can strengthen your claim if you are a cleaner who was injured at work is by collecting evidence. Evidence can help prove the extent of your injuries, as well as who is liable for your accident at work. Some examples of evidence that you could collect include:

  • Witness contact details: This allows any witnesses to the accident to be contacted at a later date so their statements can be taken.
  • Photographs: Photographs of both your injuries and of the accident site can be used to strengthen your claim.
  • CCTV footage: If your accident was caught on CCTV, you could request the footage to help illustrate how you sustained your injuries.
  • Medical reports: Should you work with one of our solicitors, they might arrange for you to undergo an independent medical assessment as part of the claims process. This assessment will produce a report that details the extent of your injuries.

You can collect this evidence by yourself, or you can do so with the help of a personal injury solicitor. Get in touch with an advisor from our team to find out how one of our solicitors could help you.

What Could A Cleaner Injured At Work Claim?

There are two heads of claim that could form your work injury settlement. These are general damages and special damages.

General damages compensate for the pain and suffering caused by your injuries, as well as the impact on your quality of life. Often, solicitors will use the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG) to help them calculate this part of your claim.

This document provides solicitors with guideline compensation brackets for a variety of injuries, both physical and psychological. In the table below, you can find some examples of these brackets, except for the figure in the top row, which was not taken from the JCG.

Injury Compensation Bracket
Multiple Severe Injuries + Special Damages, Including Lost EarningsUp to £1,000,000+
Moderately Severe Brain Injury (b)£267,340 to £344,150
Less Severe Brain Injury (d)£18,700 to £52,550
Burns Covering At Least 40% Of The BodyLikely to exceed £127,930
Severe Back Injuries (a) (iii)£47,320 to £85,100
Less Severe Facial Disfigurement (b)£21,920 to £59,090
Moderate Ankle Injuries (c)£16,770 to £32,450
Dermatitis Of Both Hands (a)£16,770 to £23,430
Serious Shoulder Injuries (b)£15,580 to £23,430
Other Arm Injuries - Simple Fractures (d)£8,060 to £23,430

How Special Damages Could Also Compensate You

Special damages is the head of your claim that addresses any financial losses caused by your injuries. For example, these could include:

It is important to provide evidence of these costs if you wish to claim them back. As such, keeping any invoices, bills, receipts, or travel tickets can be helpful.

An advisor from our team can give you a free consultation and more guidance on compensation when you get in touch.

How Long Will The Claim Process Take?

The amount of time it takes to settle cleaner injury claims depends on many factors. These may include:

  • The type and severity of your injuries (sometimes, an independent medical assessment may be required to prove the extent of your injuries. It may take some time for a medical professional to come to their conclusions).
  • The amount and type of evidence that you supply to strengthen your claim (if you have not fully recovered, legal professionals may need to assess the future impact you could experience).
  • Whether the defendant accepts liability for your workplace accident
  • If the claim needs to go to court, the court schedule can impact when your case is assessed

Essentially, more complicated cases may require further assessment. Therefore, they can take longer to settle. For example, a brain injury caused by a slip and fall accident will likely have more factors to consider than a broken finger injury resulting from faulty equipment. 

If you were a cleaner injured at work, why not contact our advisors today? They can discuss the details of your accident and look into the complexity of your case. There is no obligation to work with us after enquiring. However, if eligible, they could potentially connect you with one of our No Win No Fee solicitors.

How To Make A No Win No Fee Claim As A Cleaner Injured At Work

If you are a cleaner who was injured at work, you might be wondering whether or not you should pursue legal representation. While you aren’t obligated to work with a legal expert on your claim, it can make the claims process feel less complex and easier to manage.

This is because solicitors need to go through years of training and education to get their positions, and they can use all of their experience and knowledge to talk you through the cleaner injury claim process.

For example, a solicitor could help you:

  • Understand legal terminology
  • Support your claim with evidence
  • Communicate with the Court and the defendant
  • Understand each step of the claims process
  • Negotiate a settlement that covers your losses

Our solicitors can help you with all of this and more, without taking their usual hourly fee. In fact, when you work with a member of our team on a No Win No Fee basis, they won’t take any fees for their work upfront or as the claim continues.

This is because our solicitors work with their clients under something called a Conditional Fee Agreement (CFA). Under a CFA, you won’t need to pay for your solicitor’s services if the claim fails. If it succeeds, then your solicitor is due a success fee. However, this fee is taken from your compensation as a small, legally capped percentage.

Contact Us

If you’d like to find out how one of our solicitors could help you make a cleaner injured at work claim, you can get in touch with our team of advisors today. They can answer any questions you might have and can potentially connect you with one of our expert accident at work solicitors. Get started today by:

  • Calling on 0800 073 8804
  • Starting your claim online by filling in our contact us form
  • Using the live chat feature

Learn More About Accident At Work Claims

For more information on the accident at work claims process:

Or, for further resources:

Get in touch with our team for more information on claiming if you are a cleaner and were injured at work.

Written by Hampton

Editor by Mitchell

Box Slip, Trip, Fall At Work – Can I Claim Compensation?

By Danielle Jordan. Last Updated March 2024. This guide will provide you with information about slip, trip and fall claims. If you suffered an injury while at work, because your employer breached their duty of care, you might be entitled to compensation. However, specific claiming requirements apply. We explain when you could be eligible to make a personal injury claim as we move through this guide.

Additionally, we explore the duty of care employers have with regard to the safety and wellbeing of their employees in the workplace, and how a slip, trip and fall could occur if this isn’t upheld. Also, this guide looks at a few examples of the injuries you might sustain in this type of accident as well as how much compensation that might be awarded to address the way your injuries have impacted you.

If you are eligible to make a claim following an injury in the workplace, you may wish to have the support of a solicitor. This guide concludes by looking at the benefits of having a No Win No Fee solicitor to work on your claim.

If you have any questions, or if you would like to get the claiming process started, please get in touch with an advisor. They’re available 24/7 with free advice.

To speak to an advisor:

Box Slip, Trip, Fall At Work

Box Slip, Trip, Fall At Work Claims Guide

Select A Section

Who Can Make A Box Slip, Trip And Fall At Work Claim?

In order to make an accident at work claim, you must be able to prove that you meet the eligibility criteria. This is as follows:

  • You must prove that your employer owed you a duty of care.
  • They breached this duty.
  • You suffered injuries due to this breach.

Under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HASAWA), your employer owes you a duty of care. This means they must take all reasonably practicable steps to ensure the health, safety and welfare at work of their employees.

Furthermore, employers must adhere to the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992. Section 12 states that they must ensure the floors are in good condition and free from obstructions to allow people to move around safely.

To be eligible to seek personal injury compensation, you must be able to prove that it was this duty that was breached and that is how you were injured. This can constitute negligence.

If you think you might be eligible to claim for injuries you sustained in an accident at work, get in touch with our advisors. One of the advisors from our team can assess the potential of your claim and if it’s valid, you could be put in touch with one of our No Win No Fee solicitors.

Injuries Caused By Falls At Work

If you fell because of a box, you could suffer various injuries. If the hazard causes you to fall down the stairs or from a height, you may suffer more serious injuries. Below are examples of injuries you may experience.

  • Head injuries, such as a concussion or traumatic brain injury. Severe head injuries can cause permanent brain damage.
  • You could suffer a back injury or spinal injury if you fall backwards. Spinal injuries can cause life-long disabilities.
  • If you fall forwards, you may put out your hand to break your fall. Therefore you could suffer serious hand injuries or a broken wrist at work.
  • Likewise, you could experience a broken leg, knee or ankle injury.
  • Cuts, grazes, and other wounds can lead to infections if they are not treated properly.
  • If the box contains hazardous materials, you may suffer skin irritation, chemical burns or other injuries.

How To Claim For A Slip Or Trip Fall At Work

If a box slip, trip or fall at work injured you, you could claim compensation if you have adequate evidence to prove you meet the right criteria. Evidence which may be taken to support your claim can include the following:

  • Receipts for purchases you made relating to your injuries
  • Photographs of your injuries
  • Photographs of the box or debris that caused the injuries
  • CCTV footage of the accident
  • Your medical records and a medical report by a physician
  • Witnesses to the accident
  • The entry into your workplace’s accident book

You will also need to be within the personal injury claims time limit to make your claim. Under the Limitation Act 1980, the time limit is normally 3 years from the date of the accident or the date you became aware of your injuries.

Please get in touch with Legal Expert today to see if you are owed compensation for injuries caused by a fall at work. A claims specialist can assess your claim and assign a lawyer to work on your case if you are eligible to claim.

Payouts For A Box Slip, Trip Or Fall At Work Claim

If you make a successful claim for a workplace injury, you could be awarded up to two types of compensation. Firstly, you could receive a general damage payment. This payment will reflect your injuries’ impact on your overall quality of life and the physical and mental harm caused.

Edit
Injuries Payout – JC Guidelines Notes
Brain And Head Injury – Moderately Severe £219,070 to £282,010 An injury which results in a serious degree of disability. The person could be left with cognitive problems or limb paralysis.
Brain And Head Injury – Moderate i £150,110 to £219,070 The person has suffered personality alterations as well as an intellectual deficit. Significant risk of epilepsy.
Hand Injury – Serious E £29,000 to £61,910 Hand injuries, reducing the usefulness of the hand by half.
Hand Injuries – Thumb Injuries V £6,340 to £7,780 Severe soft tissue injury or dislocation.
Foot Injuries – Serious E £24,990 to £39,200 The foot injury causes continuing pain. There could also be the risk of arthritis in the future or the presence of traumatic arthritis.
Foot Injuries – Moderate F £13,740 to £24,990 A displaced metatarsal fracture leads to a deformed foot.
Wrist Injury – B £24,500 to £39,170 Wrist injuries causing permanent, significant disabilities.
Elbow Injuries – Less Severe B £15,650 to £32,010 Elbow injuries impairing the function of the joint. The person does not need major surgery.
Knee Injuries – Moderate B i £14,840 to £26,190 Dislocated knee joints, torn cartilage or similar injuries leading to instability.
Knee Injuries – Moderate B ii Up to £13,740 Lacerations, twisting injuries or bruising.

The compensation brackets in the table are based on 16th edition Judicial College guidelines. Solicitors use the JCG to value general damage compensation payouts. However, if your claim succeeds, the amount you receive may differ. For an accurate valuation, please call our team.

Special Damages

You could also receive special damages. These are compensation payments to cover the expenses associated with your injuries, such as medical or travel costs.

Start A No Win No Fee Claim

Why not opt to work with a No Win No Fee solicitor? You could receive the following benefits:

  • You won’t pay an upfront solicitor’s fee.
  • You will instead pay a success fee if you receive compensation for your injuries.
  • Under The Conditional Fee Agreements Order 2013, the success fee is capped. So, the majority of the compensation payment goes to you.

Please use the details below to contact Legal Expert and see if you can claim:

Please get in touch by:

  • Calling the claims helpline at 0800 073 8804
  • Fill out our form to see if you can claim
  • Or you can use our Live Support widget to speak to a claims advisor online

Learn More About Claiming For Trips And Falls At Work

The following information may be helpful if you want to claim compensation for injuries caused by a fall at work.

How much compensation can I claim for a doormat slip trip?

£10,000 compensation for a broken wrist from a slip trip fall accident

Kitchen Slip Or Trip Claim Guide – How To Claim Compensation

Causes and prevention of slips and trips at work, an HSE guide

How environmental factors at work can cause slipping or tripping injuries. A guide from the HSE

An NHS guide to broken leg injuries

If you have any more questions about making a box slip, trip and fall at work claim, please contact Legal Expert today.

Former Employer Data Breach UK GDPR – Can I Claim Compensation?

If a former employer data breach has harmed you, you may be eligible to claim compensation. This guide explains why employers and former employers must protect employees’ data. Moreover, we will inform you what to do if your former employer breaches the Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA) or the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR).

Former employer data breach

If a data breach at your former workplace has affected you, please get in touch with Legal Expert to see if you could claim compensation. If your claim is valid, one of our solicitors could connect you with a data breach solicitor to help.

Our advisors can offer a free consultation, through which they can evaluate your claim, offer free legal advice, and answer any questions you may have about the claims process.

To get in touch with one of our team:

Select A Section

  1. What Is A Former Employer Data Breach?
  2. Why Do Former Employers Need To Protect Data?
  3. How Should A Former Employer Deal With A Data Breach?
  4. Are You Eligible To Claim For A Data Breach By A Former Employer?
  5. Settlements For A Former Employer Data Breach
  6. Talk To Our Claims Experts About A Former Employer Data Breach

What Is A Former Employer Data Breach?

Personal data is information that can identify you as a person, such as your full name or phone number. It’s normal for employers to collect, process and store personal data belonging to staff members, but they must do so in accordance with the UK GDPR and DPA.

A former employer data breach occurs when your former employer allows a security incident to compromise the integrity, availability, or confidentiality of your personal data to be compromised. Your former employer could act as both a data controller and a data processor. A controller makes the decisions regarding the use of your data, whereas the processor processes your data on behalf of the controller.

How Can A Data Breach Happen?

You can only claim for a personal data breach if it is caused by the data controller or data processor. If you can establish that their wrongful conduct lead to the breach, then you may be eligible to claim. Some examples of how a breach could occur because of this include:

  • An employer can accidentally send personal data to the wrong email address or the wrong address by post, allowing an unauthorised person access to your data
  • An administrator could neglect to use the blind carbon copy (BCC) feature on an email, causing a human error data breach and allowing fellow recipients to see each others’ email addresses.
  • A company could have inadequate cyber security measures, enabling hackers to steal personal data.

Please contact Legal Expert if you want to claim compensation for a former employer personal data breach. An advisor can let you know if you meet the right criteria to make a claim.

Why Do Former Employers Need To Protect Data?

Employees are obligated to comply with the DPA and the UK GDPR in order to protect the personal data of current and former employees. This is because failing to do so could result in a personal data breach, which could have serious effects on the data subject.

For example, if your former employer were to verbally disclose information about your medical conditions to an unauthorised party, this could result in undue stress and anxiety. If this effect on your mental health is severe, you may be unable to work, which could lead to a loss of earnings.

The impacts of a personal data breach can be serious and far-reaching. To learn more about how you could be compensated for this harm, read on, or contact an advisor from our team.

How Should A Former Employer Deal With A Data Breach?

If an employer breaches personal data belonging to their former employees, they must assess the situation to see if it compromises the data subject’s rights and freedoms. If that is the case, the organisation must:

  • Report the data breach to the Information Commissioner’s Office, the UK public body that enforces data protection law. This must be done within 72 hours.
  • Notify the data subject of the breach without undue delay

If you receive notification of a personal data breach, you can approach the organisation responsible and ask for more information. They may be able to tell you what data was affected and how.

However, if you do not hear back within three months, you can contact the ICO and make a complaint. The ICO may then open an investigation into the case, the findings of which could be used as evidence in your claim.

Are You Eligible To Claim For A Data Breach By A Former Employer?

As previously stated, in order to make a claim for a former employer data breach, your case must meet the criteria laid out by the UK GDPR. These include:

  • The breach has to affect your personal data
  • It must be the result of the processor or controller’s failings
  • You have to suffer harm because of the breach

If you can prove that all three of these statements are true of your case, then you may be eligible to make a personal data breach claim. Get in touch with our team of advisors today to find out if you could be eligible to claim for a personal data breach.

Settlements For A Former Employer Data Breach

You may be wondering how much data breach compensation you could receive following a successful former employer data breach claim. Compensation in data breach claims can be split into two heads: Material damage compensation, and non-material damage compensation.

Non-material damage compensation covers the psychological harm caused by the breach. For example, a breach could cause you to suffer from mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, or PTSD. In this case, you could claim non-material damage compensation.

Solicitors will often use the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG) to help them value non-material damage settlements. You can find some examples of these amounts in the table below. Please note that these figures are guidelines only.

Compensation Amounts

Edit
Type Of Mental Harm Estimated Payout – JC Guidelines Notes
Severe Mental Harm £54,830 to £115,730 The person faces difficulties in all areas of their life. This could extend from their work to education and relationships.
Moderately Severe Mental Harm £19,070 to £54,830 The person could also face issues across all parts of their life, but they have a better prognosis than the severe category.
Moderate Mental Harm £5,860 to £19,070 The person should have a better prognosis and will have improved by trial.
Less Severe Mental Harm £1,540 to £5,850 Payouts are based on the duration of the injury and symptoms.
Severe Reactive Psychiatric Disorder £59,860 to £100,670 A severe injury leaving the person with permanent symptoms. These symptoms prevent the person returning to their pre-trauma life.
Moderately Severe Reactive Psychiatric Disorder £23,150 to £59,860 The prognosis is better than the one above though symptoms are similar.
Moderate Reactive Psychiatric Disorder £8,180 to £23,150 The person could make a close to full recovery. However, they could still have some non-disabling symptoms.
Less Severe Reactive Psychiatric Disorder £3,950 to £8,180 In one year the person should make a close to full recovery.

Material Damage Compensation

Material damage compensation covers the financial losses caused by the breach. For example, if money is stolen from your bank account by cyber criminals, or if the fraudulent use of your credit card results in damage to your credit score, these expenses could be covered under material damage compensation.

To learn more about what you could potentially receive, get in touch with our team today.

Talk To Our Claims Experts About A Former Employer Data Breach

If your former employer has breached your data, get in touch with Legal Expert to seek free legal advice. If our advisors find your claim to be valid, they may connect you with one of our No Win No Fee solicitors.

One of our solicitors could offer you their services through a Conditional Fee Agreement (CFA). Typically, you do not need to pay any upfront or ongoing fees to your solicitor when accessing their services through a CFA.

In fact, the only fee you need to pay under a CFA comes if your claim succeeds. This success fee has a legislative cap, which enables you to keep the majority of your award. But, if your claim fails, you don’t have to pay this fee.

To find out if you could be eligible to claim on a No Win No Fee basis:

Workplace Data Breach Claims Resources

To learn more about making a data breach claim:

Or, for more resources:

We appreciate you taking the time to read our guide to claiming compensation for a former employer data breach.

I Was Injured By Scrap Metal At Work – Can I Make A Claim?

Last Updated On 19th November 2024. This guide will look at whether you could be eligible to seek compensation after you have been injured by scrap metal at work. It will discuss the criteria you must meet in order to put forward a personal injury claim, the steps you can take to support your case and the compensation you could be awarded if you succeed.

A pile of scrap metal which could lead to an employee being injured by scrap metal.

Additionally, we will discuss the duty of care employers owe you as well as the legislation that outlines an employers’ responsibilities. We will also provide examples of the accidents and injuries that could occur if this duty is breached.

Furthermore, we will discuss the benefits of seeking compensation with help from a No Win No Fee solicitor, including the services they can offer without requiring an upfront fee for their work.

For more information, please get in touch with our team. An advisor can answer any questions you might have regarding your potential claim. To get in touch, you can:

Select A Section

  1. Can I Claim If I’m Injured By Scrap Metal At Work?
  2. How Could You Be Injured By Scrap Metal?
  3. What Evidence Do I Need For A Workplace Injury Claim?
  4. What Could I Claim If Injured By Scrap Metal At Work?
  5. How We Could Help With No Win No Fee Scrap Metal Injury At Work Claims
  6. Learn More About Related Workplace Accident Claims

Can I Claim If I’m Injured By Scrap Metal At Work?

In order to make a personal injury claim, you must be able to prove the following:

  • Your employer owed you a duty of care at the time and place of the accident
  • They breached their duty of care
  • You experienced physical or psychological harm as a result. This amounts to negligence, for which you could be eligible to claim.

Employers have a duty of care under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. This means they must take all reasonable and practical steps to prevent employees from becoming injured in the workplace or while carrying out work-related duties.

The steps they take can involve putting measures in place to address any risks present in the workplace. Tasks involving scrap metal could need to be carried out on construction sites or scrap metal yards. To reduce the risk involved with these tasks, employers could:

  • Carry out a risk assessment to address any hazards they become aware of
  • Provide adequate training to employees so they are equipped to carry out their duties safely
  • Provide necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves

If you were injured by scrap metal because your employer didn’t uphold their duty of care, please get in touch on the number above.

Time Limits To Claim If Injured By Scrap Metal

In addition to proving negligence, you must ensure you start your claim within the time period set out in the Limitation Act 1980. This is normally three years from the date you were injured or the date you became aware that your injuries resulted from a breach of duty.

However, there are instances where the time limit could be paused. This includes if the injured person has a reduced mental capacity to claim compensation or if the injured person is a child.

For more information on the time limits involved in making a personal injury claim, get in touch on the number above.

How Could You Be Injured By Scrap Metal?

There are several ways an employee could have been injured by scrap metal. For example:

  • A person may have been working on a construction site where the risk of falling objects, including scrap metal, was present. As a result of their employer failing to provide necessary PPE such as a hard hat, the person may have sustained a severe head injury.
  • A person may have sustained life-altering injuries, including the loss of a limb after sheet metal caused a traumatic amputation of the leg.
  • An employee may have failed to provide PPE in the form of gloves causing an employee to sustain a serious injury to their hand involving a deep laceration that leads to significant scarring.

For more information on when you could be eligible to seek compensation for your injuries and the way in which they have affected you, please get in touch on the number above.

What Evidence Do I Need For A Workplace Injury Claim?

It’s important to ensure you have evidence to prove that negligence has occurred when making an accident at work claim. Evidence you could gather to support your claim includes:

  • Medical evidence such as a report from your doctor or the hospital
  • CCTV footage of the accident
  • Pictures of your injuries
  • Pictures of any hazards
  • A copy of the incident report from the workplace accident book
  • Witness contact details

If you are unsure how to gather certain evidence, you can get in touch with our team. An advisor could connect you with one of our solicitors, provided you have a valid claim. A solicitor can then help you collect sufficient evidence and ensure you put forward a full case.

Call us on the number above for more information.

What Could I Claim If Injured By Scrap Metal At Work?

If you make a successful claim after being injured by scrap metal at work, you could receive a settlement consisting of up to two heads of claim. These include general damages and special damages.

General damages compensate for the pain and suffering you experienced as a result of your injuries. This head is often calculated by looking at the emotional and physical suffering as well as the impact the injuries have had on your quality of life.

A personal injury solicitor can also use the Judicial College Guidelines help them value your injuries. It comprises a list of guideline bracketed compensation amounts. Each of the amounts corresponds with a different injury. We have included some of these in the table below.

Compensation Table

Please only use the figures as a guide because they aren’t a reflection of what you will receive.

InjurySeverityCompensation Guideline Amount
Multiple Very Severe Injuries with Significant Financial LossesVery SevereUp to £500,000 +
Brain DamageModerate (c)(i)£183,190 to £267,340
Moderate (c)(ii)£110,720 to £183,190
Hand InjuryTotal or Effective Loss of One Hand (c)£117,360 to £133,810
Amputation of Index and Middle and/or Ring Fingers (d)£75,550 to £110,750
Severe Leg InjuriesSevere (ii)£66,920 to £109,290
Severe (iii)£47,840 to £66,920
Other Arm InjuriesSubstantial and Permanent Disablement (b)£47,810 to £73,050
Facial DisfigurementLess Severe Scarring (b)£21,920 to £59,090
Scarring To Other Parts Of The BodyNo Significant Internal InjuryIn the region of £10,550

How Could Special Damages Compensate You?

After being injured by scrap metal it can be possible to experience a wide array of associated financial problems. For example, you may require time off work to recover or if your injury is more serious, you may not be able to return to work. This could result in a loss of earnings.

Special damages aim to reimburse for any financial losses caused by your injuries. Other losses it could help recover, include:

  • The costs of adapting your home and car to accommodate a disability
  • Medical bills
  • Domestic care costs
  • Travel expenses

You can use evidence such as receipts, bank statements or wage slips to prove these losses when claiming them back.

For more information on the compensation you could receive after making a successful claim, get in touch on the number above.

How We Could Help With No Win No Fee Scrap Metal Injury At Work Claims

Our personal injury solicitors offer No Win No Fee agreements including a Conditional Fee Agreement. This means you can typically avoid paying for the work your solicitor has completed on your claim if it fails. There are also no upfront or ongoing costs for the services they provide.

If your claim succeeds, you will pay a success fee from your compensation. This is subject to a legislative cap so you can keep the majority of your compensation award.

Contact Our Injury Claim Specialists

If you have any other questions about whether you can claim after being injured by scrap metal at work, please get in touch with our team of advisors. To reach them, you can:

Learn More About Related Workplace Accident Claims

Below, you can find more of our accident at work guides:

Additionally, please find some helpful resources below:

For more information on claiming after you have been injured by scrap metal at work, get in touch on the number above.

Written by Waters

Edited by Mitchell

Claiming For Cancer Misdiagnosed As Kidney Stones

Last Updated 2nd July 2025. This detailed guide explains when you could be eligible to make a medical negligence claim after cancer is misdiagnosed as kidney stones. As you move through this guide, you will find a description of the duty of care that all medical professionals owe to their patients. If this duty of care is breached, leading to the patient suffering avoidable harm, it could result in a medical negligence claim.

The misdiagnosis of cancer could lead to harm, such as the worsening of your condition, pain and suffering and have an impact on future prognosis. Later in the guide, we explore potential compensation figures that could be awarded for the avoidable harm suffered in a successful medical negligence claim.

At any time, you can contact our team for helpful advice relating to your medical negligence claim.  Should an advisor assess your case and find that you may be eligible to bring forward a claim, they could put you in contact with one of our team’s specialist No Win No Fee solicitors.  

You can:

  • Contact us through our website
  • Call the free helpline, 0800 073 8804 
  • Click on the live support feature at the bottom of the page.

Doctors looking at a medical chart.

Select A Section

  1. Eligibility For Cancer Misdiagnosis Claims
  2. How Could Cancer Be Misdiagnosed As Kidney Stones?
  3. How Could A Cancer Misdiagnosis Affect You?
  4. My Cancer Was Misdiagnosed As Kidney Stones – Do I Need Evidence To Claim?
  5. What Could You Claim If Your Cancer Was Misdiagnosed?
  6. No Win No Fee Misdiagnosis Claims

Eligibility For Cancer Misdiagnosis Claims

If your cancer was misdiagnosed as kidney stones, you may wonder if you are eligible to seek compensation. When a hospital or doctor agrees to provide you with treatment, they automatically owe you a duty of care. This means that the treatment they provide must meet a minimum standard. 

If you suffer harm that could have been avoided due to a breach in this duty, you could be eligible to make a medical negligence claim. However, not every misdiagnosis of cancer occurs because of medical negligence. 

To start a medical negligence claim for a cancer misdiagnosis payout, you must be able to prove that:

  • You were owed a duty of care by a medical professional.
  • This duty was breached. 
  • You suffered avoidable harm because of this breach. 

An advisor from our team can check your eligibility for medical negligence compensation. Get in touch using the details at the top of the screen. 

Time Limit For Misdiagnosis Claims

According to The Limitation Act 1980, medical negligence claims have to begin within three years of the substandard care occurring.

Not everyone becomes aware right away that their harm was avoidable and caused by negligent treatment. Therefore, an alternative starting point for the three-year time limit is the date you became aware that the harm you suffered was linked with medical negligence.

Some exceptions could cause the limitation period to be paused, possibly even indefinitely. Learn more about this by calling us today. An advisor can also help you identify how long you have to get your cancer misdiagnosis claim started.

How Could Cancer Be Misdiagnosed As Kidney Stones?

Although there are similar symptoms between kidney cancer and kidney stones, such as blood in the urine, there are multiple things that medical professionals can do to differentiate the two conditions. 

As such, here are some examples of how cancer can be misdiagnosed as kidney stones due to a breach of duty of care:

  • You went to your GP with clear symptoms indicating cancer, such as unintentional weight loss and a lump in your abdomen. Despite this, your GP dismissed your concerns and failed to send you for further testing, such as an ultrasound or CT scan. This led to a delayed diagnosis. 
  • You were sent to have tests, but the hospital mixed up your scan results with another patient’s due to poor organisation and mislabelling. This meant you were told you didn’t have cancer when you did. 
  • The correct test results came back, but they were inconclusive. Instead of sending you for a necessary biopsy, your doctor decided no further testing was required, which led to the cancer spreading. 

A cancer kidney stones misdiagnosis could potentially occur in other ways. So, please don’t worry if your circumstances aren’t the same as above. To confirm whether you have a kidney stones cancer misdiagnosis claim, please contact us and have a chat with us today.

How Could A Cancer Misdiagnosis Affect You?

If your cancer is misdiagnosed, then this could potentially cause serious health problems. As we’ve already mentioned, you could not claim a cancer misdiagnosis payout for misdiagnosis alone; you must also be able to prove that it caused avoidable harm.

Potential consequences of a cancer misdiagnosis could include the following:

  • The cancer could spread to a point where treatment is no longer an effective option, resulting in a reduction in life expectancy.
  • If the cancer is misdiagnosed as a different condition in a patient, they may receive incorrect treatment, such as invasive surgeries and incorrect medications with severe side effects.
  • The symptoms caused by the cancer could worsen and progress due to the lack of treatment, reducing your quality of life.
  • A cancer misdiagnosis can also mean you don’t receive treatment causing your condition to worsen and spread to other areas of the body. According to Cancer Research UK, kidney cancer can spread to other tissues including the lungs, bones, brain and liver.

These are just a few examples of how a cancer misdiagnosis could cause you to suffer avoidable harm. Speak to our advisors today either online or on the phone to discuss your case.

My Cancer Was Misdiagnosed As Kidney Stones – Do I Need Evidence To Claim?

If you are eligible to make a medical negligence claim, you will need to gather evidence to support your case. Some examples of the evidence you could collect include:

  • A copy of your medical records, stating when you were initially misdiagnosed with kidney stones and when you were diagnosed with cancer.
  • Correspondence with the medical institution where the kidney stone misdiagnosis occurred.
  • Any test results, such as from a blood or urine test.
  • A diary detailing any symptoms you have been experiencing.
  • The contact details of anyone who was present when you received your misdiagnosis.
  • Evidence of any financial losses you have suffered due to the medical negligence – e.g. a copy of your payslips to prove a loss of earnings.

To learn how one of our solicitors could help you gather evidence, please contact an advisor today.

What Could You Claim If Your Cancer Was Misdiagnosed? 

If you claim because of cancer misdiagnosed as kidney stones, and you are successful, you will be entitled to compensation.

This compensation can be divided into up to two parts, known as ‘heads of loss’ in the claims process:

  • General damages.
  • Special damages.

General damages compensate for the physical pain and mental harm that stem from negligent care.

Those valuing your claim could use your treatment records for guidance. A further source of information is a range of guideline compensation brackets that can be found in the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG).

Check out the table below, as all lines except the top one provide JCG amounts. It is only a guide, so call us if you want a more detailed review of potential medical negligence compensation.

HarmTypeCompensation
Multiple Serious Forms of Harm Plus Special DamagesSevereUp to £1,000,000+
KidneyLoss of both£206,730 to £256,780
Risk of future infection or lossUp to £78,080
Loss of one kidney, no effect on the other£37,550 to £54,760
BowelsDouble incontinence with further issuesUp to £224,790
Total loss of natural functionUp to £183,190
Passive incontinence and faecal urgencyIn the region of £97,530
BladderDouble incontinenceUp to £224,790
Complete loss of functionUp to £171,680
Seriously impaired control£78,080 to £97,540

What Does Special Damages Compensation Account For?

Potentially, you could receive special damages compensation in a cancer misdiagnosis case. The payment would address financial loss caused by medical negligence. For example, that could cover:

  • A loss of earnings from missing work while you recover.
  • Medical expenses.
  • Travel fees.
  • Domestic care costs.

Keep receipts, payslips or any other documents that highlight your losses. If you want to learn more about compensation for misdiagnosed cancer, just call our helpline today.

No Win No Fee Misdiagnosis Claims 

A solicitor may offer to work on your cancer misdiagnosis claim under No Win No Fee terms. You could get expert help under a Conditional Fee Agreement (CFA). It could prove to benefit both you and your claim in the following ways:

  • Firstly, your solicitor will discuss all terms of the agreement with you beforehand. Therefore, eliminating concerns, you may have about hidden payments relating to your solicitor’s work.
  • You generally won’t be expected to pay for their services upfront, during your ongoing claim, or if it is unsuccessful.
  • Alternatively, if the case is successful, the solicitor can collect a previously agreed-upon percentage of the medical negligence compensation. This is known as a success fee and is a small percentage capped by law.

You can get in contact with our team of advisors by doing any of the following:

Learn More About Cancer Misdiagnosis Claims

Read the following guides from our website for further useful information:

Additionally, you can explore these external guides: 

If you’d like to talk about claiming because cancer was misdiagnosed as kidney stones, speak to one of our advisors using the contact details above.

Can I Claim Compensation For Injuries Caused By Poor Lighting In The Workplace?

Poor lighting in the workplace may seem like a minor issue to some. However, it could be the root of an employee’s pain. For example, low or insufficient light could cause an accident if an employee is unable to see where they are going.

This guide discusses an employer’s legal responsibility to ensure workplace safety and how someone could go about claiming compensation for an accident caused by bad lighting.

We also review important steps in the claims process, including evidence you can gather and what your compensation could cover should your workplace accident claim be successful. 

Finally, we outline the reasons why many people work with our No Win No Fee expert solicitors. On top of this, we provide dedicated support and case assessments through three contact channels, all of which are free to use:

A dimly lit light bulb hanging upside down in a pitch-black room, signifying poor lighting in the workplace.

Jump To A Section

  1. Can I Claim If Injured By Poor Lighting In The Workplace?
  2. How Should My Employer Assess Lighting In The Workplace?
  3. How Could Poor Lighting In The Workplace Lead To A Claim?
  4. What Should I Do If Injured By Inadequate Lighting?
  5. How Much Compensation For A Poor Lighting Accident Claim?
  6. Make A Poor Lighting Accident Claim Using A No Win No Fee Solicitor
  7. More Resources Related To Accident At Work Claims

Can I Claim If Injured By Poor Lighting In The Workplace?

Firstly, it is worth explaining when you could claim for the effects of poor lighting in the workplace leading to an accident.

Under Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, employers must take all reasonable and practicable steps that maintain employee safety and overall well being. Ensuring access to adequate lighting, whether it is natural light or artificial lighting, could be considered one reasonable step an employer should take.

You can make an accident at work claim if you can prove that:

  • Your employer owed you a duty of care in the time and place of the incident, as laid out by HASAWA.
  • They breached this duty. For example, they may have failed to repair flickering lights despite having the issue reported to them.
  • This breach of duty led to an accident where you suffered physical and/or psychological harm.

If you’re unsure whether you can seek compensation for workplace injuries caused by a lighting problem, just call the number at the top of your page for a free case assessment.

A flight of well-lit stairs.

How Should My Employer Assess Lighting In The Workplace?

In order to uphold their duty of care, employers can follow advice provided by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). As Great Britain’s workplace health and safety regulator, the HSE offers guidance on lighting and other elements needed to keep workers safe.

Among the steps employers can take to ensure proper lighting are ensuring they:

  • Identify and account for any possible health hazard, such as uneven lighting, incorrect lighting design or effects like glare.
  • Conduct regular maintenance to make sure light fixtures work and provide good lighting.
  • Fit blinds or rearrange the workplace to prevent vision problems caused by too much light from outside.
  • Correct insufficient light or poorly distributed light by adding more lamps or more light fixtures.
  • Add matt paint to glossy surfaces so they do not reflect too much light.

Under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, employers are required by law to make sufficient assessments, which includes checking that workplace lighting is suitable.

All of these steps could be considered reasonable, and in most cases they will be practicable. Therefore, if an employer’s failure to act on lighting issues allows an accident to happen where you are injured at work, you might be able to claim compensation.

Discuss your experience over the phone with an advisor today to learn if you have the right to make a personal injury compensation claim.

How Could Poor Lighting In The Workplace Lead To A Claim?

Poor lighting in the workplace leads to reduced visibility, which in turn could cause someone to fall and suffer harm. Here are some examples of how an employer could be liable for such accidents:

  • New desk lamps are installed in an area where cutting equipment is used. The illumination levels are not checked and the lights are much too bright. One employee is temporarily blinded and traumatically amputates part of a finger when a colleague turns on a lamp.
  • Because of poor lighting conditions on a stairwell, an employee trips and falls on the top step. They suffer a badly fractured bone in their arm as a result of falling down the stairs and putting their arm out to break their fall.
  • A supermarket employee in a dimly lit aisle collides with a shelf, which causes a heavy box to fall on them. They experience a serious injury to their head and also suffer severe shoulder pain.

These examples above might be similar or even identical to your experience of a workplace accident. The best way of checking whether you can sue the workplace for your injuries is by calling the number at the top of this page and asking for a consultation.

An injured worker lying at the bottom of a flight of stairs.

What Should I Do If Injured By Inadequate Lighting?

If you’ve suffered an injury at work and have noted that poor lighting conditions contributed to the accident, there are a few steps you could take to help a potential claim.

  • Firstly, seek any first aid or medical attention you need. Not only is this important for your physical and mental health, but a copy of your health records could be submitted as evidence of the harm you suffered.
  • Make sure the staff member responsible for logging accidents has made a record in the accident book your employer should keep. A copy of the entry could be added to your evidence.
  • Collect any photos that show the accident scene, especially if they highlight a lighting problem. In some cases you might also be able to get CCTV footage of the incident.
  • Ask any witnesses to share their contact details.
  • Keep your receipts. Having them and any other documents like payslips or invoices will be important if injuries have caused financial damage. We explain why this is important in the next section.
  • Seek the support of a trusted solicitor. This is ultimately your choice, but our No Win No Fee solicitors have a proven track record of helping people mount successful accident at work claims.

If you want the help of an expert to guide you through the personal injury claim process, call today to learn whether one of our solicitors can take on your case.

How Much Compensation For A Poor Lighting Accident Claim?

You may be wondering how much compensation you could be awarded for a successful poor lighting in the workplace claim.

A payout can be split into up to two parts, known as heads of loss. These are:

  • General damages, which compensate for physical pain and negative impact on mental well being that injuries cause.
  • Special damages, forming a second potential head of claim accounting for financial loss inflicted because of injuries. This can include a loss of earnings from missing work, medical bills or travel costs, among other things.

Those working out the general damages element can look at a guide to compensation brackets for different injuries. This can be found in the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG), a document we’ve used to create the illustrative table you see below.

Compensation Table

This table consists of figures found in the JCG. It can be used as an alternative to a compensation calculator, but it is still only a guide. Please note that the top line is not from the JCG.

INJURYSEVERITYAMOUNT
Multiple Serious Injuries And Related Monetary LossesSevereUp to £500,000+
Brain/HeadModerately Severe£267,340 to £344,150
Brain/HeadLess Severe£18,700 to £52,550
ArmSevere£117,360 to £159,770
ArmSimple Fractures of the Forearm£8,060 to £23,430
BackSevere (ii)£90,510 to £107,910
ShoulderSerious£15,580 to £23,430
HandTotal and Partial Loss of Index Finger£14,850 to £22,870
Injuries Affecting SightMinor Eye Injuries£4,820 to £10,660

Make A Poor Lighting Accident Claim Using A No Win No Fee Solicitor

Our solicitors are trained experts with years of experience in helping people get fair compensation for an accident caused by insufficient lighting. They offer their service under a Conditional Fee Agreement, in which you:

  • Do not pay an upfront or running charge for their work.
  • Have no solicitor fee to pay if the case fails.
  • Only pay a small percentage of your compensation payout to the solicitor as their success fee if the claim wins.

Because The Conditional Fee Agreements Order 2013 applies a clear legal cap, you can be assured that you will take the majority of your payout.

A solicitor in a dark blue suit standing up with both hands planted on a white desk.

Contact Us 24/7 For Free To See If You Can Claim Accident At Work Compensation

At this point, you may be interested in starting a claim on a No Win No Fee basis. Whether you just have questions or want to know if you can seek compensation, we’re available for free and effective information. Also, you could be connected to a solicitor right away if you have a valid claim.

Reach us at any time of day by:

More Resources Related To Accident At Work Claims

Here are some further related guides:

Also try these useful resources:

Thank you for reading this guide. If poor lighting in the workplace has contributed to a workplace accident you were injured in, please call any time to learn how we can help.